Planning Life Outside of Sport: Elite Athletes’ Help-seeking Behaviours Toward Career Support Resources
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53379/cjcd.2023.359Keywords:
help-seeking, career support, athlete, retirementAbstract
Despite results showing that planning the transition out of sport is associated with more positive emotional responses and fewer emotional difficulties in retirement, only a small proportion of athletes are using the resources available through support programs. This study investigates factors associated with the help-seeking behaviours toward career support resources of 191 surveyed elite athletes of Canada. Information on perceived barriers to help-seeking, the level of engagement to a career outside of sport, and the use of resources was collected using a survey. Results from descriptive and predictive analysis indicate three main perceived barriers to help-seeking: lack of time (51.8%), lack of knowledge (35.1%) and a fear of stigma associated with the use of career support resources (12.6%). Athlete age, sport category (winter, summer) and level of engagement in a career outside of sport are predictors of the use of career support resources.
References
Alfermann, D., Stambulova, N., & Zemaityte, A. (2004). Reactions to sport career termination : A cross-national comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian Athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 61 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00050-X
Blakelock, D. J., Chen, M. A., & Prescott, T. (2016). Psychological distress in elite adolescent soccer players following deselection. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10, 59 77. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2015-0010
Brown, C. (2008). Developmental Psychology. SAGE.
Brownrigg, A., Burr, V., Locke, A., & Bridger, A. (2012). You don’t know what’s around the corner: A qualitative study of professional footballers in England facing career transition. Qualitative methods in psychology bulletin, 14, 14 23.
Crook, J., & Robertson, S. (1991). Transitions out of elite sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 115 127.
D’Angelo, C., Reverberi, E., Gazzaroli, D., & Gozzoli, C. (2017). At the end of the match : exploring retirement of italian football players. Journal of Sport Psychology, 26(3), 130-134.
DeLenardo, S., & Terrion, J. L. (2014). Suck it up : Opinions and attitudes about mental illness stigma and help-seeking behavior of male varsity football players. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 33(3), 43 56. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2014-023
Di Fabio, A., & Maree, J. G. (2013). Effectiveness of the career interest profile. Journal of Employment Counseling, 50(3), 110 123. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2013.00030.x
Fouad, N. A., Guillen, A., Harris-Hodge, E., Henry, C., Novakovic, A., Terry, S., & Kantamneni, N. (2006). Need, awareness, and use of career services for college students. Journal of Career Assessment, 14(4), 407 420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072706288928
Friesen, A. C., & Orlick, T. (2011). Holistic sport psychology : Investigating the roles, operating standards, and intervention goals and strategies of holistic consultants. Journal of Excellence, 14, 18 42.
Game Plan (2019). Statistic of usage of services [Unpublished report]. Game Plan program, Montreal, Canada.
Game Plan (2020). Statistic of usage of services [Unpublished report]. Game Plan program, Montreal, Canada.
Givens, J. L., & Tjia, J. (2002). Depressed medical students’ use of mental health services and barriers to use. Academic Medicine, 77, 918–921. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200209000-00024
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes : A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-157
Henriksen, K., Schinke, R., Moesch, K., McCann, S., Parham, W. D., Larsen, C. H., & Terry, P. (2020). Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high performance athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(5), 553 560. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1570473
Henriksen, K., & Stambulova, N. (2017). Creating optimal environments for talent development. In J. Baker (Éd.), Routledge Handbook of Talent Identification and Development in Sport (1st éd., pp. 15). Routledge.
Henriksen, K., Stambulova, N., & Roessler, K. K. (2010). Holistic approach to athletic talent development environments : A successful sailing milieu. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 212 222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.10.005
Hirschi, A., Freund, P. A., & Herrmann, A. (2014). The career engagement scale : Development and validation of a measure of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514813
Kerr, G., & Dacyshyn, A. (2000). The retirement experiences of elite, female gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(2), 115 133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200008404218
Lally, P., & Kerr, G. (2005). The career planning, athletic identity, and student role identity of intercollegiate student athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(3), 275 285.
Larsen, C. H., Alfermann, D., Henriksen, K., & Christensen, M. K. (2013). Successful talent development in soccer : The characteristics of the environment. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(3), 190 206. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031958
Lavallee, D., & Robinson, H. K. (2007). In pursuit of an identity : A qualitative exploration of retirement from women’s artistic gymnastics. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(1), 119 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.05.003
López, R. L., & Levy, J. J. (2013). Student athletes’ perceived barriers to and preferences for seeking counseling. Journal of College Counseling, 16(1), 19 31. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00024.x
Ludwikowski, W. M. A., Vogel, D., & Armstrong, P. I. (2009). Attitudes toward career counseling : The role of public and self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 408 416. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016180
McArdle, S., Moore, P., & Lyons, D. (2014). Olympic athletes’ experiences of a post games career transition program. Sport Psychologist, 28(3), 269 278. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0046
North, J., & Lavallee, D. (2004). An investigation of potential users of career transition services in the United Kingdom. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 77 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00051-1
Robertson, P. J. (2016). Identifying and measuring capabilities for career development in NEET young people. Recherches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 47(2), 83 99. https://doi.org/10.4000/rsa.1738
Seanor, M., Schinke, R. J., Stambulova, N. B., Ross, D., & Kpazai, G. (2017). Cultivating olympic champions : A trampoline development environment from grass roots to podium. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 8(2), 96 108. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2017.1327908
Stambulova, N. B., & Ryba, T. V. (Éds.). (2013). Athletes’ careers across cultures. Routledge.
Stambulova, N. B., Ryba, T. V., & Henriksen, K. (2020). Career development and transitions of athletes : The International Society of Sport Psychology Position Stand Revisited. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1 27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1737836
Van Neutegem, A. (2011). Programme canadien d’accompagnement à la transition et d’orientation professionnelle pour les athlètes d’élite : Rapport administratif et recommendations. Collège Camosun et l’institut de sport d’excellence du Pacifique.
Wahto, R. S., Swift, J. K., & Whipple, J. L. (2016). The role of stigma and referral source in predicting college student-athletes’ attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(2), 85 98. https://doi.org/10.1123/JCSP.2015-0025
Watson, J. C. (2006). Student-athletes and counseling: factors influencing the decision to seek counseling services. College Student Journal, 40(1), 35 42.
Webb, W. M., Nasco, S. A., Riley, S., & Headrick, B. (1998). Athlete identity and reactions to retirement from sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21(3), 338 362.
Wood, S., Harrison, L. K., & Kucharska, J. (2017). Male professional footballers’ experiences of mental health difficulties and help-seeking. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 45(2), 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2017.1283209
Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career transitions in sport : European perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 7 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00049-3
Zunker, V. G. (2016). Career counseling : A holistic approach (9th edition). Cengage Learning.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Canadian Journal of Career Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.