Organizational and Individual Determinants of Atypical Employment: the Case of Multiple Jobholding and Self-employment in Canada
Abstract
The growing need for organizational flexibility has prompted increasing recourse to atypical work. Multiple jobholding and self-employment are atypical work forms that have particularly intrigued researchers. Using data compiled by Statistics Canada, we have identified factors that influence the probability of belonging to these two categories of atypical employment. Our results suggest that the influence factors are not identical for the two non-standard job categories studied. Sector of activity, gender and the absence of promotion considerably affect the probability of joining the ranks of the self-employed, whereas professional category and frequency of movement significantly influence the probability of belonging to the multiple jobholder group. The populations engaging in these two forms of atypical work are not homogeneous.
References
Addition & Surfield, (2006), “The Use of Alternative Work Arrangements by the Jobless: Evidence from the CAEAS/CPS”, Journal of Labor Research, Vol. XXVII, No. 2,
Spring, 149-162.
Akyeampong E. B. (1997). “Work Arrangements: 1995 Overview”, Perspectives on Labour and Income, Catalogue 75-001-XPE, Statistics Canada.
Arthur, M.B. & Rousseau, D.M. (1996), The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Atkinson, J. (1984), “Manpower strategies for flexible organizations”, Personnel Management, August, 28-31.
Bailly A-F.; Cadin L. & Saint-Giniez V. (1998). “Les carrières nomades: recherche empirique et apports pour la GRH éclatée”. in: Bruno Sire & José Allouche. Ressources humaines. Une gestion éclatée. Paris. Economica.
Belous, R.S. (1989). The Contingent Economy: The Growth of the Temporary, Part-time, Subcontracted Workforce. Washington D.C: National Planning Association.
Bielmann, P.; Chênevert, D.; Simard, G. & Tremblay, M., “Déterminants du recours au travail atypique: une étude des travailleurs à statut pré-caire dans les
rganisations québécoises”, 10e congrès de l’Association Francophone de Gestion des Ressources Humaines, Université de Lyon, September 1999.
Blanchflower, D.G. & Meyer, B.D. (1994). "A Longitudinal Analysis of the Young Self-Employed in Australia and the United States", Small Business Economics, Vol. 6, No. 1. 1-19.
Booth, P (1997). Contingent Work: Trends, Issues and Challenges for Employers, 192-97 Conference Board of Canada.
Buschof. K.S. & Protsch, P. (2008), “(A-)typical and (in-)secure? Social protection and “non-standard” forms of employment in Europe”, International Social Security Review, Vol. 61, No.4. 51-73.
Bregger, J.E. (1996) “Measuring Selfemployment in the United States», Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 119, No 1-2.
Brousseau K.R., Driver, M.J., Eneroth, K & Larsson R, (1996), “Career pandemonium: Realigning organizations and individuals», Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 10 No. 4.
Carr, D. (1996) “Tow Paths to Self-Employment ? Women’s and Men’s Self-Employment in the United States, 1980”, Work and Occupation, Vol.23, No.8, pp: 26-53.
Caudron, S. (1994) “HR Revamps Career Itineraries,” Personnel Journal, Vol. 73, No. 4.
Caudron, S. (1994)."Contingent Work Force Spurs HR Planning,” Personnel Journal, July, 52-60.
Chênevert, D. & Tremblay, M. (1995) “La flexibilité organisationnelle et la gestion des ressources humaines,” Info Ressources Humaines, 8-12.
Davis-Blake, A. & Uzzi, B. (1993). "Determinants of Employment Externalization: a Study of Temporary Workers and Independent Contractors,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, June, 195-223.
Doeringer, P.B. & Piore, M.J. (1971). Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis. Lexington, MA: D.C. Health.
Edwards, L. & Hendrey, E. (1996) “Home-Based Workers: Data from the 1990 Census of Population,” Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 119, No 11, 26-34.
Hosmer. D. & Lemeshow. S. (1989). Applied logistic regression. New York. John Wiley and Sons.
Jacob. R. (1993). "Flexibilité organisationnelle et gestion des ressources humaines". Gestion, 30-36.
Hall, D. T. (1996). “Protean Careers of the 21st Century,” Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 10 No. 4.
Hipple, S. (2001), "Contingent work in the late-1990s,” Monthly Labor Review", March, 3-27.
Jurik, N.C. (1998), “Getting Away and Getting By. The Experiences of Self-Employed Homeworkers”, Work and Occupations, Vol. 25, no. 1, 7-35.
Keller, B. and Seifert, H. (2005), “Atypical Employment and Flexicurity”, Management Revue, vol. 16, no 3, p.304-323
Krahn H. (1995). “Accroissement des régimes de travail atypiques,” Perspective, Vol. 7, No 4, catalogue 75- 001F, Ottawa, Statistics Canada, 39-47.
Krahn H. (1991). “Les régimes de travail non standard.” Perspective, catalogue 75-001F, Winter, Ottawa, Statistics Canada, 41-52.
Mackbride-King, J.L. (1997). “Contingent Work: Lessons from Individuals and Organizations, 217-97. Conference Board of Canada.
Marler, J.H. & Milkovich, G.T. (2000). "Determinants of Preference for Contingent Employment", Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University, Working Paper 00-03.
Marler, J.H., Milkovich, G.T. & Barringer (1998). "Boundaryless Organizations and Boundaryless Careers: A New Market for HighSkilled Temporary Work", Center
for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University, Working Paper 98-01.
Matthews, C. & Moser, S.B. (1995). “Family background and gender: Implications for interest in small firm Ownership.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 7, No. 4
Matusik, S.F. & Hill, C.W. (1998), “The utilization of contingent work, knowledge, creation, and competitive advantage”, Academy of Management Reue, Vol. 23, No. 4,
-697.
Meyer, R. W. & Bruce, D. (1996). “Ethnic and racial self-employment differences and possible explanations,” The Journal of Human Resources, Vol.31, No.4.
Ogoshi, Y (2006), “Current Japanese Employment Practices and Industrial Relations: The Transformation of Permanent Employment and Seniority-Based Wage System”, Asian Business & Management, 5, 469–485.
Payette. S. (1998). Le travail à durée déterminée: les tendances, les enjeux et les difficultés pour les syndicats. 243-98. Conference Board of Canada.
Segal, L. (1996). “Flexible employment: Composition and Trends,” Journal of Labor Research, Vol. 17, No. 4
Simard, G. (2000), “Dix hypothèses sur le travail atypique,” Psychologie du travail et des organisations (in press).
Theresa Smith, T. & Sheridan, A. (2006), “Organisational careers versus boundaryless careers: Insights from the accounting profession”, Journal of Management and Organization, Vol. 12, No. 3. 223-234.
Torka, N. (2004), “Atypical Employment Relationships and Commitment: Wishful Thinking or HR Challenge?”, Management Revue; 2004; 15, 3, 324-343.
Simard, G. (1997), “Le cumul de postes/emplois: un retour camouflé de la centralité du travail,” in Psychologie du travail et des organisations, Vol. 3, Nos. 3 and 4.
Tremblay, M. (1995). "Career Plateau and Work Attitudes: An Empirical Study of Managers", Human Relations, Vol. 48., No. 3, 221-237.
Tremblay. D.G. (1990). “L’adaptation par la flexibilité,” in L’emploi en devenir. Montréal. IQRC.
Webber M. (1989). “Le cumul d'emplois». Perspective, catalogue 75- 001F, Winter 1989, Ottawa, Statistics Canada, 23-33.
Wever, K.S. (1997). "Unions adding value: Addressing market and social failures in the advanced industrialized countries", International Labor Review, Vol. 136, No. 4,-468.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
