The Relationship between New Career Approach Attitudes and Subjective Career Success Perceptions of Typical and Flexible Employees

Authors

  • Uygar Öztürk Bitlis Eren University
  • Elvan Yildirim Sakarya University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53379/cjcd.2024.392

Keywords:

Career Development, Boundaryless Career, Protean Career, Subjective Career Success, Flexible Working

Abstract

This study centers on the examination of three distinct concepts, which have undergone adaptation from conventional paradigms to contemporary perspectives. These transformations pertain to the shift from typical employment arrangements to flexible employment models, the evolution from traditional career thinking to novel career approaches, and the transition from emphasizing objective career success to embracing subjective career success measures. The primary focus of this research endeavor lies in the comparative analysis of full-time and part-time employees concerning their assimilation of these new conceptual frameworks. This study aims to compare and reveal the boundaryless career attitude, protean career attitude, and subjective career success perceptions, along with their sub-dimensions, between typical employees and flexible workers, as well as to examine their relationships. The research was conducted using 895 questionnaires (412 flexible-time employees, 483 full-time employees) administered to individuals working in private employment agencies. T-test analysis was employed to test the research hypotheses and identify differences. According to the analysis results in the study, flexible workers have higher boundaryless career attitudes, psychological mobility, physical mobility, and value-driven career attitudes compared to typical workers. Regarding subjective career success, typical workers have higher than flexible-time workers.

Author Biographies

Uygar Öztürk, Bitlis Eren University

Assistant Professor, Vocational School of Ahlat, Bitlis Eren University, Bitlis, Türkiye

Elvan Yildirim, Sakarya University

Associate Professor, Faculty of Political Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye

References

Akkermans, J. & Kubasch, S. (2017). Trending topics in careers: a review and future research agenda. Career Development International, 22(6), https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-08-2017-0143

Amuedo-Dorantes, C. & Serrano-Padial, R. (2007). Wage growth implications of fixed-term employment: An analysis by contract duration and job mobility. Labour Economics, 14(5), 829-847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2006.09.001

Arthur, M. (1994). The boundaryless career: a new perspective for organizational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150402

Arthur, M. B., Inkson, K. & Pringle, J. K. (1999). The New Careers: Individual Action and Economic Change. Sage Publications.

Arthur, Khapova, S. N. & Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 177-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.290

Arthur, M. B. & Rousseau, D. M. (1996). A career lexicon for the 21st century. Academy of Management Perspectives, 10(4), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1996.3145317

Ashford, S. J., Caza, B. B., & Reid, E. M. (2018). From surviving to thriving in the gig economy: A research agenda for individuals in the new world of work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 38, 23–41.

Aydın Göktepe, E. (2016). Yeni kariyer tutumları, algılanan yönetici desteği ve işe tutkunluk arasındaki ilişki: bir araştırma. [Doctoral Dissertation. Istanbul University, Management Department, Istanbul].

Aytemiz Seymen, O. (2004). Geleneksel kariyerden, sınırsız ve dinamik / değişken kariyere geçiş: nedenleri ve sonuçları üzerine yazınsal bir inceleme, Uludağ Üniversitesi. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 23(1), 79-114.

Banai, M. & Harry, W. (2004). Boundaryless global careers: The international itinerants”. International Studies of Management & Organization, 34(3), 120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2004.11043705

Berkmen, M. B. (2018). “Kısmi ve tam zamanlı çalışanların mesleki doyum, iş doyumu ve iş-yaşam dengesi ilişkileri üzerine bir araştırma”. [Master’s thesis, Kırklareli Üniversitesi Social Science Institute, Kırklareli]

Biemann, T., Zacher, H. & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Career patterns: A twenty-year panel study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(2), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JVB.2012.06.003

Briscoe, J. P. & Finkelstein, L. M. (2009). The “new career” and organizational commitment: Do boundaryless and protean attitudes make a difference? Career Development International, 14(3), 242-260. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910966424

Briscoe, J. P. & Hall, D. T. (2006). The interplay of boundaryless and protean careers: Combinations and implications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.02.001

Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T. & DeMuth, R. L. F. (2006). Protean and boundaryless careers: An empirical exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 30–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.09.003

Briscoe, J. P., Henagan, S. C., Burton, J. P. & Murphy, W. M. (2012). Coping with an insecure employment environment: The differing roles of protean and boundaryless career orientations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.12.008

Briscoe, J. P., Kaše, R., Dries, N., Dysvik, A., Unite, J. A., Adeleye, I., ... & Zikic, J. (2021).Here, there, & everywhere: Development and validation of a cross-culturally representative measure of subjective career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 130. 103-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103612

Budak, G. & Gürbüz, S. (2017). Öznel kariyer başarısı: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 4(2), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.280529

Cappelli, P. (1999). Career jobs are dead. California Management Review, 42(1), 146–167. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166023

Conway, N. & Briner, R. B. (2002). Full-time versus part-time employees: Understanding the links between work status, the psychological contract, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(2), 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1857

Çakmak, K. Ö. (2011). Çalışma yaşamındaki güncel gelişmeler doğrultusunda değişen kariyer yaklaşımları ve örgüte bağlılığa etkisine ilişkin bir araştırma. [Doctoral Dissertation, İstanbul University, Social Science Institute, Istanbul]

Çakmak-Otluoğlu, K. Ö. (2012). Protean and boundaryless career attitudes and organizational commitment: The effects of perceived supervisor support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 638-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.03.001

Çakmak-Otluoğlu, K. Ö. & Bulut, Ö. (2020). Sınırsız ve bağımsız kariyer yönelimlerinin kariyer bağlılığına etkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 34, 299-327. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.587260

Dai, L. & Song, F. (2016). Subjective career success: a literature review and prospect. Journal of Human Resource Sustainability Studies, 4(3), 238-242. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2016.43026

De Feyter, M., Smulders, P. & Vroome, E. D. (2001). De inzetbaarheid van mannelijke en vrouwelijke werknemers. Kenmerken van invloed. Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 17(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01810956

Denton, M. A., Davis, C. K., Hayward, L. & Hunter, A. A. (1987). Employment survey of 1985 graduates of Ontario universities: Report of majorfindings. Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.

Direnzo, M. S. & Greenhaus, J. H. (2011). Job search and voluntary turnover in a boundaryless world: A control theory perspective. Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 567-589. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0333

Dubinsky, A. J., & Skinner, S. J. (1984). Job status and employees’ responses: Effects of demographic characteristics. Psychological Reports, 55(1) 323–328.

Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2022). Boundaryless careers and algorithmic constraints in the gig economy. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(22). 4468–4498.

Eberhardt, B. J. & Shani, A. B. (1984). The effects of full-time versus part-time employment status on attitudes toward specific organizational characteristics and overall job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 27(4), 893-900.

Eby, L. T., Butts, M. & Lockwood, A. (2003). Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 689–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.214

Enache, M., Sallan, J. M., Simo, P. & Fernandez, V. (2011). Career attitudes and subjective career success: Tackling gender differences. Gender in Management: an International Journal, 26(3), 234-250. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411111130990

Feldman, D. C. (1990). “Reconceptualizing the nature and consequences of part-time work”. Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 103-112.

Feldman, D. C. (1995). Managing part-time and temporary employment relationships: Individual needs and organizational demands. Employees, Careers, and Job Creation, 121141.

Forrier, A., Sels, L. & Stynen, D. (2009). Career mobility at the intersection between agent and structure: A conceptual model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(4), 739–759. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X470933

Godfrey, M. A. (1980). Is part-time nursing the answer for you? Part 1. Nursing, 10(10), pp. 65–72.

Gratton, L. & Ghoshal, S. (2003). Managing personal human capital: new ethos for the ‘volunteer’employee. European Management Journal, 21(1), 1–10.

Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G. A. & Godshalk, V. M. (2000). Career Management. (3rd ed) Forth Worth.

Guan, Y., Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., Hall, R. J. & Lord, R. G. (2019). Career boundarylessness and career success: A review, integration and guide to future research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 390–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.013

Gubler, M., Arnold, J. & Coombs, C. (2014). “Reassessing the protean career concept: Empirical findings, conceptual components, and measurement”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1908

Haenggli, M. & Hirschi, A. (2020). Career adaptability and career success in the context of a broader career resources framework. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103414

Hall, D. T. (2002). Careers in & Out of Organizations. Sage.

Hall, D. T. (2004). The protean career: A quarter-century journey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.006

Hall, D., & Associates (1996). The career is dead-long live the career: A relational approach to careers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Heslin, P. A. (2003). Self-and other-referent criteria of career success. Journal of Career Assessment, 11(3), 262–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072703254500

Heslin, P. A. (2005). Conceptualizing and evaluating career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 113–136. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/job.270

Hirschi, A., & Koen, J. (2021). Contemporary career orientations and career self-management: A review and integration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103505.

Hughes, E. C. (1958). Men and their work. New York: The Free Press.

Hupkens, L., Akkermans, J., Solinger, O. & Khapova, S. (2021). The dynamics of subjective career success: a qualitative inquiry. Sustainability, 13, 76-38. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147638

Igbaria, M. & Guimaraes, T. (1993). Antecedents and consequences of job satisfaction among information center employees. In Proceedings of the 1992 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research, 352–369.

Inkson, K. (2006). “Protean and boundaryless careers as metaphors”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 48-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.09.001

Inkson, K., Ganesh, S., Roper, J. & Gunz, H. (2010). The boundaryless career: A productive concept that may have outlived its usefulness. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2010, No. 1, pp. 1–6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.

Inkson, K., Gunz, H., Ganesh, S. & Roper, J. (2012). “Boundaryless careers: bringing back boundaries.” Organization Studies, 33(3), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840611435600

Kale, E. & Özer, S. (2012), İşgörenlerin çok yönlü ve sınırsız kariyer tutumları: hizmet sektöründe bir araştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(2), 173-196. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/oguiibf/issue/5716/76518

Karakuş, F. (2017). Success in a boundaryless career: The effects of psychological and physical mobility on subjective career success and the mediating role of psychological, human, and social capital. [Doctorate Thesis, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul].

Karatuna, I. & Basol, O. (2017). Job satisfaction of part-time vs. full-time workers in Turkey: the effect of income and work status satisfaction. International Journal of Value Chain Management, 8(1), 58-72.

Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations (Vol. 2). New York: Wiley.

Kavi, H. (1999). Küreselleşme ve esnek çalışma. MESS Mercek Dergisi, 7, 25-38.

King, J. E. (2000). White‐collar reactions to job insecurity and the role of the psychological contract: implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 39(1), 79–92.

Kost, D., Fieseler, C., & Wong, S. I. (2020). Boundaryless careers in the gig economy: An oxymoron? Human Resource Management Journal, 30, 100–113.

Kundi, Y. M., Hollet-Haudebert, S., & Peterson, J. (2021). Linking protean and boundaryless career attitudes to subjective career success: a serial mediation model. Journal of Career Assessment, 29(2), 263-282.

Lazarova, M. & Taylor, S. (2009). Boundaryless careers, social capital, and knowledge management: Implications for organizational performance,.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(1), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.545

Lee, M., Lirio, P., Karakas, F., MacDermid, S. & Kossek, E. (2006). Exploring career and personal outcomes and the meaning of career success among part-time professionals in organizations. In R. J. Burke (Ed.), Research companion to working time and work addiction, 284–309. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Levanoni, E. & Sales, C. A. (1990). Differences in job attitudes between full-time and part-time Canadian employees. The Journal of Social Psychology, 130(2), 231–237.

Lips‐Wiersma, M. & Hall, D. T. (2007). Organizational career development is not dead: A case study on managing the new career during organizational change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(6), 771–792.

Lo Presti, A., Pluviano, S., & Briscoe, J. P. (2018). Are freelancers a breed apart? The role of protean and boundaryless career attitudes in employability and career success. Human Resource Management Journal, 28(2), 427-442.

Marler, J. H., Woodard Barringer, M., & Milkovich, G. T. (2002). Boundaryless and traditional contingent employees: Worlds apart. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(4), 425–453.

McDonald, P., Bradley, L. & Brown, K. (2008). Visibility in the workplace: still an essential ingredient for career success?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(12), 2198–2215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802479447

Miller, H. E. & Terborg, J. R. (1979). Job attitudes of part-time and full-time employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64(4),380–386. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.64.4.380

Ng, T. W. & Feldman, D. C. (2014). Subjective career success: a meta-analytic review”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(2), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.06.001

Öngel, V., Tatlı, H. S., Öngel, G. & Süslü, M. (2021). Üniversite çalışanlarının çok yönlü kariyer tercihleri: Zaman kullanım eğilimi ve kişilik özellikleri açısından bir inceleme. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.824945

Özbilgin, M., Küskü, F. & Erdoğmuş, N. (2005). Explaining influences on career ‘choice’: the case of MBA students in comparative perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(11), 2000-2028. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500314797

Parlak, N. K. (2016), İş-yaşam dengesi açısından esnek çalışmanın analizi. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 109-137. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/265273

Parker, P., Arthur, M. B. & Inkson, K. (2004). Career communities: A preliminary exploration of member‐defined career support structures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(4), 489–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.254

Powell, W. W. & Snellman, K. (2004). The knowledge economy (Vol. 30). Annual Review of Sociology, 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100037

Pan, J. & Zhou, W. (2015). How do employees construe their career success: An improved measure of subjective career success. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 23(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12094

Park, Y. (2010). The predictors of subjective career success: an empirical study of employee development in a Korean financial company. International Journal of Training Development, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2009.00337.x

Redondo, R., Sparrow, P. & Hernández-Lechuga, G. (2021). The effect of protean careers on talent retention: examining the relationship between protean career orientation, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and intention to quit for talented workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(9), 2046-2069. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1579247

Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York, Free Press.

Roper, J., Ganesh, S. & Inkson, K. (2010). Neoliberalism and knowledge interests in boundaryless careers discourse. Work, Employment and Society, 24(4), 661–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010380630

Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological Contracts in organizations: understanding written and unwritten agreements. SAGE: Thousand Oaks CA.

Sargent, L. D. & Domberger, S. R. (2007). Exploring the development of a protean career orientation: values and image violations. Career Development International, 12(6), 545-564. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430710822010

Seçer, B. & Çinar, E. (2011), Bireycilik ve yeni kariyer yönelimleri. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 49-62.

Segers, J., Inceoglu, I., Vloeberghs, D., Bartram, D. & Henderickx, E. (2008). Protean and boundaryless careers: A study on potential motivators. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(2), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.05.001

Shockley, K. M., Ureksoy, H., Rodopman, O. B., Poteat, L. F. & Dullaghan, T. R. (2016). Development of a new scale to measure subjective career success: A mixed‐methods study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1),128–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.2046

Smale, A., Bagdadli, S., Cotton, R., Dello Russo, S., Dickmann, M., Dysvik, A., . . . & Reichel, A. (2019), Proactive career behaviors and subjective career success: the moderating role of national culture. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2316

Segers, J., Inceoglu, I., Vloeberghs, D., Bartram, D. & Henderickx, E. (2008). Protean and boundaryless careers: A study on potential motivators. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(2), 212–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.05.001

Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L. & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 473-499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113332

Stern D. & Nakata Y.F. (1989). Characteristics of high school students paid jobs and employment experience after graduation. In Adolescence and Work: Influences of Social Structures, Labor Markets, and Culture, ed. D Stern, D Eichorn, 189-234. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Still, L. V. (1983), Part-time versus full-time salespeople: Individual attributes, organizational commitment, and work attitudes. Journal of Retailing, 59, 55–79.

Sullivan, S. E. (1999). The changing nature of careers: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 25(3), 457–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500308

Sullivan, S. E. & Baruch, Y. (2009). Advances in career theory and research: A critical review and agenda for future exploration. Journal of Management, 35(6), 1542–1571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309350082

Tams, S. & Arthur, M. B. (2007). Studying careers across cultures: Distinguishing international, cross‐cultural, and globalization perspectives. Career Development International, 12(1), 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430710724848

Valcour, M. & Ladge, J. J. (2008). Family and career path characteristics as predictors of women’s objective and subjective career success: Integrating traditional and protean career explanations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(2), 300-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.06.002

Van Buren, H. J. (2003). Boundaryless careers and employability obligations. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13(2), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq20031329

Verbruggen, M. (2012). Psychological mobility and career success in the ‘new career climate. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(2), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.10.010

Volmer, J. & Spurk, D, (2011). Protean and boundaryless career attitudes: relationships with subjective and objective career success. Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung, 43(3), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12651-010-0037-3

Wang, M., Olson, D. A. & Shultz, K. S. (2012). Mid and late career issues: An integrative perspective. Routledge.

Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T. & Wang, L. (2014). Protean career attitudes during unemployment and reemployment: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(3), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.03.003

Weng, Q. & McElroy, J. C. (2012). Organizational career growth, affective occupational commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.09.007

Wiernik, B. M. & Wille, B. (2018). Careers, career development and career management. The SAGE handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology: Managerial psychology and organizational approaches, 547-585.

Wotruba, T. R. (1990). Full-time vs. part-time salespeople: A comparison on job satisfaction, performance, and turnover in direct selling. (2-3), 97-108.

Zeitz, G., Blau, G. & Fertig, J. (2009). Boundaryless careers and institutional resources. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2), 372-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802670763

magnificying glass looking at wooden blocks with image of humans on them.

Published

2024-09-09

How to Cite

Öztürk, U., & Yildirim, E. (2024). The Relationship between New Career Approach Attitudes and Subjective Career Success Perceptions of Typical and Flexible Employees. Canadian Journal of Career Development, 23(2), 184–204. https://doi.org/10.53379/cjcd.2024.392

Issue

Section

Articles