Career Counselling Individuals Experiencing Workplace Bullying
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53379/cjcd.2024.382Keywords:
career development, career theories, counselling interventions, workplace bullyingAbstract
Workplace bullying is a pervasive career issue that impacts not only the victim’s vocational well-being, but also the perpetrator, witnesses, and organization. Since many victims of workplace bullying leave their jobs, counselors should be aware of these issues in order to effectively support clients through their transitional difficulties. This article provides a conceptual overview of workplace bullying by exploring the causes and effects of bullying on victims, perpetrators, and the organization. Implications for counseling victims of workplace bullying are discussed using insights from social cognitive career theory and work adjustment theory.
References
Altman, B. A. (2010). Workplace bullying: Application of Novak’s (1998) learning theory and implications for training. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 22(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-009-9121-7
Bartlett, J. E. & Bartlett, M. E. (2011). Workplace bullying: An integrative literature review. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(1), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422311410651
Brousse, G., Fontana, L., Ouchchane, L., Boisson, C., Gerbaud, L., Bourguet, D., Perrier, A., Schmitt, A., Llorca, P. M., & Chamoux, A. (2008). Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying. Occupational Medicine, 58, 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm148
Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety. (2005). Bullying in the workplace.http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/psychosocial/bullying.html
Chronister, K. M. & McWhirter E. H. (2003). Applying social cognitive career theory to the empowerment of battered women. Journal of Counseling and Development, 81(4), 418-425. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00268.x
Claybourn, M. (2011). Relationships between moral disengagement, work characteristics, and workplace harassment. Journal of Business Ethics, 100, 283-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0680-1
Cleary, M., Hunt, G. E., Walter, G., & Rogertson, M. (2009). Dealing with bullying in the workplace: Toward zero tolerance. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 47(12), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20091103-03
Coogan, P. A., & Chen, C. P. (2007). Career development and counselling for women: Connecting theories to practice. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 20(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070701391171
Dawis, R. W., Lofquist, L. H. (1984). A psychological theory of work adjustment: an individual-differences model and its applications. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Djurkovic, N., McCormack, D., & Casimir, G. (2004). The physical and psychological effects of workplace bullying and their relationship to intention to leave: A test of the psychosomatic and disability hypotheses. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behaviour, 7(4), 469-497. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-07-04-2004-B001
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 3–30). London: Taylor & Francis.
Escartin, J., Zapf, D., Arrieta, C., & Rodriguez-Carballeria, A. (2011). Workers’ perception of workplace bullying: A cross-cultural study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(2), 178-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320903395652
Futterman, S. (2004). When you work for a bully: Assessing your options and taking action. Montvale, New Jersey: Croce Publishing Group, LLC.
Giga, S. I., Hoel, H., & Lewis, D. (2008). The costs of workplace bullying. Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform.
Glambek, M., Matthiesen, S. B., Hetland, J., & Einarsen, S. (2014). Workplace bullying as an antecedent to job insecurity and intention to leave: a 6‐month prospective study. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12035
Hansen, Å. M., Hogh, A., Garde, A. H., & Persson, R. (2014). Workplace bullying and sleep difficulties: a 2-year follow-up study. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 87, 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-013-0860-2
Hoobler, J. M., Rospenda, K. M., Lemmon, G., & Rosa, J. A. (2010). A within-subject longitudinal study of the effects of positive job experiences and generalized workplace harassment on well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 434. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021000
Jenkins, M., Winfield, H., & Sarris, A. (2011). Consequences of being accused of workplace bullying: An exploratory study. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 4(1), p. 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538351111118581
Khan, A., & Khan, R. (2012). Understanding and managing workplace bullying. Industrial and Commercial Training, 44(2), 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197851211202911
Kohut, M. R. (2008). The complete guide to understanding, controlling, and stopping bullies and bullying at work: A guide for managers, supervisors, and employees. Ocala, Florida: Atlantic Publishing Group, Inc.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance [Monograph]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.
León-Pérez, J. M., Escartín, J., & Giorgi, G. (2021). The presence of workplace bullying and harassment worldwide. In P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, G. Notelaers, & C. Rayner (Eds.), Concepts, Approaches and Methods (pp. 55–86). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0134-6_3
Lewis, J., Coursol, D., & Wahl, K. H. (2002). Addressing issues of workplace harassment: Counseling the targets. Journal of Employment Counseling, 39(3), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2002.tb00842.x
Lutgen-Sandvik, P., Tracy, S. J., & Alberts, J. K. (2007). Burned by bullying in the American workplace: prevalence, perception, degree and impact. Journal of Management Studies, 44(6), 837–862.
Magee, C., Gordon, R., Robinson, L., Caputi, P., & Oades, L. (2017). Workplace bullying and absenteeism: The mediating roles of poor health and work engagement. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(3), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12156
Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Perpetrators and targets of bullying at work: Role stress and individual differences. Violence and victims, 22(6), 735-753. https://doi.org/10.1891/088667007782793174
McKay, R., Ciocirlan, C. E., & Chung, E. (2010). Thinking strategically about workplace bullying in organizations. The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 15(4), 73-93.
Nauman, S., Malik, S. Z., Saleem, F., & Ashraf Elahi, S. (2023). How emotional labor harms employee’s performance: unleashing the missing links through anxiety, quality of work-life and Islamic work ethic. International Journal of Human Resource Management, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2167522
Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007
Nielsen, M. B., Glasø, L., & Einarsen, S. (2017). Exposure to workplace harassment and the Five Factor Model of personality: A meta-analysis. Personality and individual differences, 104, 195-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.015
Nielsen, M. B., Indregard, A. M., & Øverland, S. (2016). Workplace bullying and sickness absence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 42(5), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3579
Nielsen, M. B., Tangen, T., Idsoe, T., Matthiesen, S. B., & Magerøy, N. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis. Aggression and violent behavior, 21, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.01.001
Özer, G., & Escartín, J. (2023). The making and breaking of workplace bullying perpetration: A systematic review on the antecedents, moderators, mediators, outcomes of perpetration and suggestions for organizations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 101823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2023.101823
Podsiadly, A., & Gamian-Wilk, M. (2017). Personality traits as predictors or outcomes of being exposed to bullying in the workplace. Bring out Your Theses and Dissertations, 115, 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.001
Rayner, C., Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2002). Workplace bullying: What we know, who is to blame, and what can we do?. London: Taylor & Francis.
Rayner, C., & Keashly, L. (2005). Bullying at work: A perspective from Britain and North America. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 271–296). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., & Lau, B. (2014). The prospective relationship between role stressors and new cases of self-reported workplace bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12092
Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2015). Workplace bullying: a tale of adverse consequences. Innovations in clinical neuroscience, 12(1-2), 32–37.
Sharf, R. S. (2010). Applying Career Development Theory to Counseling (5th edition). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Van den Brande, W., Baillien, E., De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., & Godderis, L. (2016). The role of work stressors, coping strategies and coping resources in the process of workplace bullying: A systematic review and development of a comprehensive model. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29, 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.004
Verkuil, B., Atasayi, S., & Molendijk, M. L. (2015). Workplace bullying and mental health: a meta-analysis on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. PloS one, 10(8), e0135225. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135225
Vickers, M. H. (2006). Towards employee wellness: Rethinking bullying paradoxes and masks. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 18(4), 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-006-9023-x
Vranjes, I., Elst, T. V., Griep, Y., De Witte, H., & Baillien, E. (2022). What goes around comes around: How perpetrators of workplace bullying become targets themselves. Group & Organization Management, 10596011221143263. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011221143263
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Canadian Journal of Career Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
