Determinants of Post-Retirement Employment: Canadian Evidence

Authors

  • Robert D. Hiscott University of Waterloo

Keywords:

post-retirement, employment, Canadian, transition

Abstract

Post-retirement or ‘bridge’ employment is increasingly prevalent, supporting the perspective of a long-term transitional process from primary career employment to full retirement over time. This paper addresses the factors associated with post-retirement employment among recent Canadian retirees. Logistic regression modelling is applied to two cycles of the Canadian General Social Survey (2002 and 2007) to explore the determinants of returning to the paid labour force after retiring. Determinant factors examined include individual socio-demographic attributes (gender, age, education, family status), cited reasons for initial retirement, health status and financial circumstances. Results confirm the increasing incidence of post-retirement employment, the importance of higher education and age and the timing of initial retirement as explanatory factors, and a new dynamic for the interaction between financial status and postretirement employment, favouring more financially-advantaged retirees. The benefits of post-retirement employment are reviewed, including those for individual workers, employers and work organizations, and society more generally.

References

August, R.A. (2011). Women’s later life career development: Looking through the lens of the kaleidoscope career model. Journal of Career Development, 38( 3), 208- 36. doi:10.1177/0894845310362221

Bowlby, G. (2007, February). Defining retirement. Canadian Social Trends, 15-19.

Cahill, K.E., Giandrea, M.D, & Quinn, J.F. (2011). Reentering the labor force after retirement. Monthly Labor Review, 134(6), 34-42.

Deschenes, N., & Stone, L.O. (2006). The probability of reaching the state of retirement – a longitudinal analysis of variations between men and women. In L.O. Stone (Ed.), New frontiers of research on retirement (Chapter 13). Catalogue no. 75-511-XIE. Ottawa, Ontario: Unpaid Work Analysis Division, Statistics Canada.

Duchesne, D. (2002, May). Seniors at work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 3, 5-16.

Duchesne, D. (2004, February). More seniors at work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 5, 5-17.

Giandrea, M.D., Cahill, K.E., & Quinn, J.F. (2009). Bridge jobs: A comparison across cohorts. Research on Aging, 31(5), 549-576. doi:10.1177/0164027509337195

Gagne, C., Roberts, G., & Keown, L-A. (2010). Weighted estimation and bootstrap variance estimation for analyzing survey data: How to implement in selected software. Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics Canada.

Gougeon, P. (2009, May). Shifting pensions. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 10, 16-23.

Han, S-K., & Moen, P. (1999). Checking out: Temporal patterning of retirement. American Journal of Sociology, 105(1), 191-236.

Hebert, B-P., & Luong, M. (2008, November). Bridge employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 9, 5-12.

Kerr, G., & Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2011). The bridge to retirement: Older workers’ engagement in post-career entrepreneurship and wage and-salary employment.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(1), 55-76. doi:10.1177/097135571002000103

Kim, S., & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Working in retirement: The antecedents of bridge employment and its consequences for quality of life in retirement. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1195-1210.

Marshall, K., & Ferrao, V. (2007, August). Participation of older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8, 5-11.

Morissette, R., & Ostrovsky, Y. (2007, November). Pensions and retirement savings of families. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8, 5-18.

Morissette, R., Schellenberg, G., & Silver, C. (2004, October). Retaining older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 5, 15-20.

Park, J. (2010, June). Health factors and early retirement among older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 11, 5-12.

Pengcharoen, C., & Shultz, K.S. (2010). The influences on bridge employment decisions. International Journal of Manpower, 31(3), 322-336. doi:10.1108/01437721011050602

Pyper, W., & Giles, P. (2002, Winter). Approaching retirement. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 14(4), 9-16.

Rowe, G., & Nguyen, N. (2003, Spring). Older workers and the labour market. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 15(1), 55-58.

Ruhm, C.J. (1990). Bridge jobsAugust, R.A. (2011). Women’s later life career development: Looking through the lens of the kaleidoscope career model. Journal of Career Development, 38( 3), 208-236. doi:10.1177/0894845310362221

Bowlby, G. (2007, February). Defining retirement. Canadian Social Trends, 15-19.

Cahill, K.E., Giandrea, M.D, & Quinn, J.F. (2011). Reentering the labor force after retirement. Monthly Labor Review, 134(6), 34-42.

Deschenes, N., & Stone, L.O. (2006). The probability of reaching the state of retirement – a longitudinal analysis of variations between men and women. In L.O. Stone (Ed.), New frontiers of research on retirement (Chapter 13). Catalogue no. 75-511-XIE. Ottawa, Ontario: Unpaid Work Analysis Division, Statistics Canada.

Duchesne, D. (2002, May). Seniors at work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 3, 5-16.

Duchesne, D. (2004, February). More seniors at work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 5, 5-17.

Giandrea, M.D., Cahill, K.E., & Quinn, J.F. (2009). Bridge jobs: A comparison across cohorts. Research on Aging, 31(5), 549-576. doi:10.1177/0164027509337195

Gagne, C., Roberts, G., & Keown, L-A. (2010). Weighted estimation and bootstrap variance estimation for analyzing survey data: How to implement in selected software. Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics Canada.

Gougeon, P. (2009, May). Shifting pensions. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 10, 16-23.

Han, S-K., & Moen, P. (1999). Checking out: Temporal patterning of retirement. American Journal of Sociology, 105(1), 191-236.

Hebert, B-P., & Luong, M. (2008, November). Bridge employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 9, 5-12.

Kerr, G., & Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2011). The bridge to retirement: Older workers’ engagement in post-career entrepreneurship and wage and-salary employment.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(1), 55-76. doi:10.1177/097135571002000103

Kim, S., & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Working in retirement: The antecedents of bridge employment and its consequences for quality of life in retirement. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1195-1210.

Marshall, K., & Ferrao, V. (2007, August). Participation of older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8, 5-11.

Morissette, R., & Ostrovsky, Y. (2007, November). Pensions and retirement savings of families. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8, 5-18.

Morissette, R., Schellenberg, G., & Silver, C. (2004, October). Retaining older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 5, 15-20.

Park, J. (2010, June). Health factors and early retirement among older workers. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 11, 5-12.

Pengcharoen, C., & Shultz, K.S. (2010). The influences on bridge employment decisions. International Journal of Manpower, 31(3), 322-336. doi:10.1108/01437721011050602

Pyper, W., & Giles, P. (2002, Winter). Approaching retirement. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 14(4), 9-16.

Rowe, G., & Nguyen, N. (2003, Spring). Older workers and the labour market. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 15(1), 55-58.

Ruhm, C.J. (1990). Bridge jobs and partial retirement. Journal of Labor Economics, 8(4), 482-507.

Schellenberg, G., & Ostrovsky, Y. (2008a, September). 2007 General Social Survey Report: The retirement plans and expectations of older workers. Canadian Social

Trends, 11-34.

Schellenberg, G.,& Ostrovsky, Y. (2008b, September). 2007 General Social Survey Report: The retirement puzzle: Sorting the pieces. Canadian Social Trends, 35-47.

Schellenberg, G., Turcotte, M., & Ram, B. (2005, Autumn). Post-retirement employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 6, 14-17.

Statistics Canada. (2009a). General Social Survey, 2007 [Canada]: Cycle 21, Family, Social Support and Retirement – Survey Dataset. Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics

Canada.

Statistics Canada. (2009b). General Social Survey, 2007 [Canada]: Cycle 21, Family, Social Support and Retirement – Public Use Microdata File Documentation and User’s Guide. Catalogue 12M0021G. Ottawa, Ontario: Ministry of Industry.

Statistics Canada. (2009c). General Social Survey, 2007 [Canada]: Cycle 21, Family, Social Support and Retirement – Questionnaire. Catalogue 12M0021G. Ottawa, Ontario: Ministry of Industry.

Uppal, S. (2010, July). Labour market activity among seniors. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 11, 5-18.

Walsh, M. (1999, Summer). Working past age 65. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 11(2), 16-20.

Wannell, T. (2007a, February). Young Pensioners. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8, 5-14.

Wannell, T. (2007b, August). Public pensions and work. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 8, 12-19.

Yeandle, S. (2005). Older workers and work-life balance. United Kingdom: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Zhan, Y., Wang, M., Liu, S., & Shultz, K.S. (2009). Bridge employment and retirees’ health: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology14(4), 374-389. doi:10.1037/a0015285

Downloads

Published

2013-09-02

How to Cite

Hiscott, R. D. . (2013). Determinants of Post-Retirement Employment: Canadian Evidence. Canadian Journal of Career Development, 12(2), 59–71. Retrieved from https://cjcd-rcdc.ceric.ca/index.php/cjcd/article/view/197

Issue

Section

Articles